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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-020-01367-z
Schematic representation of the immunomodulators’ site of action. Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, statins, RAASi and their combinations have not been reliably shown to be of benefit in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and therefore are represented here to define a potential pathophysiological target for therapy. This should not be seen as endorsement for use of such agents. The use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in COVID-19 patients may be associated with harm. Whether such agents are beneficial in other stages of infection remains a matter of study. Created with biorender.com. Ang II angiotensin II, GM-CSF granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, IL-6R interleukin-6 receptor, IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin, JAK Janus kinase, JAK-STAT Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, MIP-1α macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α, MyD88 myeloid differentiation primary response 88, NF-κB nuclear factor-κB, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, rhuGM-CSF recombinant human granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, sIL-6R soluble IL-6 receptor, TLR toll-like receptor, TNF tumor necrosis factor reserve